1.8 Signal Representation

• Signals in the physical world are most commonly analog
• Value discretization forms the basis of the digital abstraction, which yields a number of advantages such as better noise immunity compared to an analog signal representation.

1.7 Modeling Physical Elements

• Resistor self-heating, with the associated change in value, prompts manufacturers to provide power ratings for resistors, to indicate maximum power dissipation (pmax) without significant value change or burnout.

• Battery terminal voltage expression: vt = V + iR

1.6 Ideal Two-Terminal Elements

• An ideal voltage source is a device that maintains a constant voltage at its terminals regardless of the amount of current drawn from those terminals.
• Two type of voltage source: independent & dependent
• An ideal conductor is a element in which any amount of current can flow without loss of voltage or power.
• An ideal linear resistor obeys Ohm's law
• Conductance (G) is the reciprocal resistance:

G = 1 / R

• The element law for a independent voltage source supplying a voltage V:

v = V

• The element law for ideal wire (short circuit):

v = 0

• The element law for open circuit:

i = 0

• The element law for a current source supply a current I:

i = I